Introduction:
Homology is the study of how genes or gene products are inherited from ancestors. Studying homology can reveal information about evolutionary history, such as speciation events [1]. Homology will be identified in this study to determine possible model organisms. A model organism is a organism commonly used to study the molecular function of a conserved process. Using a model instead of the system you are interested in may be impossible due to complexity or ethical considerations [2]. Protein blasts using NCBI's database were completed to determine homologs and possible model organisms.
Homology is the study of how genes or gene products are inherited from ancestors. Studying homology can reveal information about evolutionary history, such as speciation events [1]. Homology will be identified in this study to determine possible model organisms. A model organism is a organism commonly used to study the molecular function of a conserved process. Using a model instead of the system you are interested in may be impossible due to complexity or ethical considerations [2]. Protein blasts using NCBI's database were completed to determine homologs and possible model organisms.
>NP_001076585.1 perforin-1 precursor [Homo sapiens]
>NP_001304689.1 perforin-1.2 precursor [Danio rerio]
>NP_001088381.1 perforin 1 L homeolog precursor [Xenopus laevis]
>NP_059026.2 perforin-1 precursor [Rattus norvegicus]
>sp|P10820|PERF_MOUSE Perforin-1 OS=Mus musculus OX=10090 GN=Prf1 PE=1 SV=2
>NP_001137207.1 perforin-1 precursor [Bos taurus]
>NP_001088381.1 perforin 1 L homeolog precursor [Xenopus laevis]
>NP_059026.2 perforin-1 precursor [Rattus norvegicus]
>sp|P10820|PERF_MOUSE Perforin-1 OS=Mus musculus OX=10090 GN=Prf1 PE=1 SV=2
>NP_001137207.1 perforin-1 precursor [Bos taurus]
>NP_001292853.1 perforin-1 precursor [Macaca nemestrina]
>NP_001304689.1 perforin-1.2 precursor [Danio rerio]
>NP_001088381.1 perforin 1 L homeolog precursor [Xenopus laevis]
>NP_059026.2 perforin-1 precursor [Rattus norvegicus]
>sp|P10820|PERF_MOUSE Perforin-1 OS=Mus musculus OX=10090 GN=Prf1 PE=1 SV=2
>NP_001137207.1 perforin-1 precursor [Bos taurus]
>NP_001088381.1 perforin 1 L homeolog precursor [Xenopus laevis]
>NP_059026.2 perforin-1 precursor [Rattus norvegicus]
>sp|P10820|PERF_MOUSE Perforin-1 OS=Mus musculus OX=10090 GN=Prf1 PE=1 SV=2
>NP_001137207.1 perforin-1 precursor [Bos taurus]
>NP_001292853.1 perforin-1 precursor [Macaca nemestrina]
Discussion:
Danio Rerio was chosen as the model organism for this study. Not only are zebrafish homologs, but they have similar macrophage activity to humans [3]. Since the study question pertains to a condition characterized by overactivation of killer and T-cells, it is vital that this is replicated in the model system. Additionally, studies have been completed in the past that screen for ferric iron levels. Fluorescent microscopy has revealed morphological changes in zebrafish that have undergone oxidative stress due to ferric iron levels [4]. A combination of these factors makes zebrafish the ideal candidate for this study.
References:
[1] “Homology: Orthologs and Paralogs.” U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, www.nlm.nih.gov/ncbi/workshops/2023-08_BLAST_evol/ortho_para.html. Accessed 10 Apr. 2024.
[2] Hunter, Philip. “The Paradox of Model Organisms. the Use of Model Organisms in Research Will Continue despite Their Shortcomings.” EMBO Reports, U.S. National Library of Medicine, Aug. 2008, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2515201/.
[3] Bohaud, Candice, et al. “The Role of Macrophages during Zebrafish Injury and Tissue Regeneration under Infectious and Non-Infectious Conditions.” Frontiers, Frontiers, 2 July 2021, www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.707824/full.
[4]Ayaat T. Hassan, et al. “The Neurophysiological Effects of Iron in Early Life Stages of Zebrafish.” Environmental Pollution, Elsevier, 18 Sept. 2020, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749120363132#abs0015.
Danio Rerio was chosen as the model organism for this study. Not only are zebrafish homologs, but they have similar macrophage activity to humans [3]. Since the study question pertains to a condition characterized by overactivation of killer and T-cells, it is vital that this is replicated in the model system. Additionally, studies have been completed in the past that screen for ferric iron levels. Fluorescent microscopy has revealed morphological changes in zebrafish that have undergone oxidative stress due to ferric iron levels [4]. A combination of these factors makes zebrafish the ideal candidate for this study.
References:
[1] “Homology: Orthologs and Paralogs.” U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, www.nlm.nih.gov/ncbi/workshops/2023-08_BLAST_evol/ortho_para.html. Accessed 10 Apr. 2024.
[2] Hunter, Philip. “The Paradox of Model Organisms. the Use of Model Organisms in Research Will Continue despite Their Shortcomings.” EMBO Reports, U.S. National Library of Medicine, Aug. 2008, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2515201/.
[3] Bohaud, Candice, et al. “The Role of Macrophages during Zebrafish Injury and Tissue Regeneration under Infectious and Non-Infectious Conditions.” Frontiers, Frontiers, 2 July 2021, www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.707824/full.
[4]Ayaat T. Hassan, et al. “The Neurophysiological Effects of Iron in Early Life Stages of Zebrafish.” Environmental Pollution, Elsevier, 18 Sept. 2020, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749120363132#abs0015.